Time-Dependent Modeling of Tunnels in Squeezing Conditions

The numerical analysis of tunnels in rock masses, which exhibit a squeezing behavior, is considered, with reference to the use of two elastoviscoplastic constitutive laws implemented in finite-difference and finite-element codes. Because of the fact that in the most severe squeezing conditions time dependence is observed during excavation and may last for a long time, both the reinforcement of the tunnel face and the support of the tunnel...