The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries

A symmetric cell was adopted to analyze low temperature performance of Li-ion battery. Results showed that impedances of both Li-ion and symmetric cells are mainly composed of bulk resistance (Rb), surface layer resistance (Rsl) and charge-transfer resistance (Rct). Among these three components, the Rct is most significantly increased and becomes predominant as the temperature falls to below −10 °C. Therefore, we may ascribe the poor low...