Sulfur mustard (HD) ranks among the alkylating chemical warfare agents. Skin contact with HD produces an inflammatory response that evolves into separation at the epidermal–dermal junction conducting to blistering and epidermis necrosis. Up to now, current treatment strategies of HD burns have solely consisted in symptomatic management of skin damage. Therapeutic efficacy studies are still being conducted; classically using appropriate animal skin toxicity models. In order to substantiate the use of SKH-1 hairless mouse as an appropriate model for HD-induced skin lesions, we investigate the time-dependent quantitative gene expression of various selected transcripts associated to the dorsal skin exposure to HD saturated vapors. Using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the expression of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-2α (also called Cxcl2) and MIP-1αR (also called Ccr1), matrix metalloproteases (MMP-9 and MMP-2), ...
Exposure to lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is no longer only a military issue due to the terrorist threat. Among the CWAs of concern are the organophosphorus nerve agent O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX) and the vesicant sulfur mustard (SM). Although efficient means of decontamination are available, most of them lose their efficacy when decontamination is delayed after exposure of the bare skin. Alternatively, CWA skin penetration can be prevented by topica...
Last. Rajesh Agarwal(University of Colorado Denver)H-Index: 108
view all 5 authors...
Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicating agent that has been used as a chemical warfare agent in a number of conflicts, posing a major threat in both military conflict and chemical terrorism situations. Currently, we lack effective therapies to rescue skin injuries by HD, in part, due to the lack of appropriate animal models, which are required for conducting laboratory studies to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of promising agents that could potentially be translated in to real HD-caused skin inju...
#1Alireza Firooz(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)H-Index: 34
#2Bardia Sadr(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)H-Index: 9
Last. Yahya Dowlati(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)H-Index: 22
view all 6 authors...
Sulfur mustard (2,2-dichlorodiethyl sulfide: SM), the protagonist of vesicant chemical weapons, was first used in July 1917. Despite prohibition of its production and use by international conventions, it has been used in several conflicts. More than 100,000 soldiers and civilians were injured due to SM exposure during Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988). The acute skin lesions consist of erythema, edema, and blisters. Skin xerosis and pruritus, pigmentation disorders, scars, and cherry angiomas are among ...
Exposure to chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD) is reported to cause GSH depletion, which plays an important role in HD-linked oxidative stress and skin injury. Using the HD analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), we evaluated the role of GSH and its efficacy in ameliorating CEES-caused skin injury. Using mouse JB6 and human HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes, we observed both protective and therapeutic effects of exogenous GSH (1 or 10 mM) in attenuating a CEES-caused decrease in cell viab...
Sulfur mustard (2,2-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, SM) is one of the vesicant classes of chemical warfare agents that causes blistering in the skin and mucous membranes, where it can have lingering long-term effects for up to ten years (1). SM was employed extensively by the Iraqi army against not only Iranian soldiers but also civilians between 1983 and 1988, resulting in over 100,000 chemical casualties. Approximately 45,000 victims are still suffering from long-term effects of exposure (2,3). More ...
Ever since it was first used in armed conflict, mustard gas (sulfur mustard, MG) has been known to cause a wide range of acute and chronic injuries to exposure victims. The earliest descriptions of these injuries were published during and in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, and a further series of accounts followed the Second World War. More recently, MG has been deployed in warfare in the Middle East and this resulted in large numbers of victims, whose conditions have been studie...
#2Diane E. Heck(NYMC: New York Medical College)H-Index: 38
Last. Jeffrey D. Laskin(UMDNJ: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey)H-Index: 71
view all 10 authors...
Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical weapon first employed during World War I, targets the skin, eyes, and lung. It remains a significant military and civilian threat. The characteristic response of human skin to SM involves erythema of delayed onset, followed by edema with inflammatory cell infiltration, the appearance of large blisters in the affected area, and a prolonged healing period. Several in vivo and in vitro models have been established to understand the pathology and investigate the mecha...
#1Shlomit Dachir(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 19
#2Maayan Cohen(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 9
Last. Tamar Kadar(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 26
view all 7 authors...
Background/purpose: Skin exposure to sulfur mustard (HD) results in erythema, edema and severe injury, which take long time to heal and might impose a heavy burden on the health system. Despite many years of research, there is no treatment that prevents the development of the cytotoxic effects of HD causing acute and prolonged damage to the skin. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop treatments that will ameliorate the extent of injury and improve as well as shorten the healing process...
#1Neerad C. Mishra(LRRI: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute)H-Index: 19
#2Jules Rir-sima-ah(LRRI: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute)H-Index: 8
Last. Mohan L. Sopori(LRRI: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute)H-Index: 28
view all 10 authors...
Sulfur mustard (SM, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a well known chemical warfare agent that may cause long-term debilitating injury. Because of the ease of production and storage, it has a strong potential for chemical terrorism; however, the mechanism by which SM causes chronic tissue damage is essentially unknown. SM is a potent protein alkylating agent, and we tested the possibility that SM modifies cellular antigens, leading to an immunological response to “altered self” and a potential lon...
article i nfo Interleukin-1 alpha Interleukin-1 beta Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Tumor necrosis factor Mustard gas Iran Mustard gas, even in low doses, has the ability to inflict damage in multiple organs especially the skin, eyes, as well as the respiratory tract. This damage may cause many complications which persist during the lifespan of exposed subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-1Ra cause systemic inflammatory reactions and numerous changes includi...
Last. Alireza Shahriary(BMSU: Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences)H-Index: 10
view all 4 authors...
AbstractDysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is now considered as one of the main toxicity effects of sulfur mustard (SM). Numerous studies have found overexpression of MMPs, but the m...
Abstract Oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, and inflammation are three important reactions of sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. But molecular related chronological events in the earlier stage of SM exposure model are still unclear. In the research, reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by using flow cytometry. Cytokines were tested in Luminex method. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and glutathione (GSH) activity or levels in s...
Abstract Objective Sulfur mustard (SM) was used as a chemical weapon in Iraq-Iran war. Exposed people have major complications in important organs such as pulmonary system. Some studies have shown that SM could affect the expression of endogenous genes and non-housekeeping genes, time dependently. To understand the accurate molecular mechanism of the delayed effect of SM, the identification of the gene expression pattern in these patients is essential. Hence, we have evaluated mRNA expression of...
Last. Michael Aschner(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)H-Index: 109
view all 5 authors...
The use of chemical warfare agents is of serious concern for the military and civilian populations. The experience of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries reveals that nerve agents and mustard gas are the main chemicals used for mass destruction. The vesicating effect of mustard gas is the main focus of this review. Its powerful irritating activities in the dermal, pulmonary and ocular systems stem from alkylation of macromolecules and induction of inflammatory response and oxidative stress....
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong bifunctional alkylating agent that produces severe tissue injuries characterized by erythema, edema, subepidermal blisters and a delayed inflammatory response after cutaneous exposure. However, despite its long history, SM remains a threat because of the lack of effective medical countermeasures as the molecular mechanisms of these events remain unclear. This limited number of therapeutic options results in part of an absence of appropriate animal models. We propo...
This chapter describes the dermal toxicity events of the alkylating agent, sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide], which ultimately causes detachment of the epidermis from the dermis. Skin exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) starts a series of dermal toxicity events with severity determined in part by mediators of injury that regulate inflammation, immune responses, apoptosis, necrosis, and a number of signaling pathways. This complex series of events involves a host of normal skin responses to...
Data on the toxicity of lewisite (L), a vesicant chemical warfare agent, are scarce and conflicting, and the use of the specific antidote is not without drawbacks. This study was designed to evaluate if the SKH-1 hairless mouse model was suitable to study the L-induced skin injuries. We studied the progression of lesions following exposure to L vapors for 21 days using paraclinical parameters (color, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and biomechanical measurements), histological assessments, and...
Last. Thierry Douki(UJF: Joseph Fourier University)H-Index: 78
view all 9 authors...
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that targets skin where it induces large blisters. DNA alkylation is a critical step to explain SM-induced cutaneous symptoms. We determined the kinetics of formation of main SM–DNA adducts and compare it with the development of the SM-induced pathogenesis in skin. SKH-1 mice were exposed to 2, 6 and 60 mg/kg of SM and treated skin was biopsied between 6 h and 21 days. Formation of SM DNA adducts was dose-dependent with a maximum immediately after ...
Abstract Since its first use in 1917, sulphur mustard (SM) has been used virtually exclusively as a weapon of war. SM is a volatile liquid that damages any tissue it contacts as a vapour or liquid. SM primarily damages the skin, eyes and lungs producing massive inflammation culminating in the characteristic blistering of the skin which classifies SM as a vesicant. Several mechanisms of action at the cellular level have been proposed for SM, but none has ever been convincingly linked to the produ...
Last. Annette Schmidt(German Sport University Cologne)H-Index: 29
view all 5 authors...
Abstract Sulfur Mustard (SM) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent, which is acutely toxic to a variety of organ systems including skin, eyes, respiratory system and bone marrow. The underlying molecular pathomechanism was mainly attributed to the alkylating properties of SM. However, recent studies have revealed that cellular responses to SM exposure are of more complex nature and include increased protein expression and protein modifications that can be used as biomarkers. In order to confirm a...
We use cookies to improve your online experience. By continuing to use our website we assume you agree to the placement of these cookies. To learn more, you can find in our Privacy Policy.
