Cell biology

Neuroscience

Biology

Autoimmunity

Apoptosis

Biochemistry

Immunology

Homeostasis

Immune system

Nature reviews. Immunology

This Review describes the recent insights into the receptors and signalling pathways that are required for the engulfment of apoptotic cells, with particular emphasis on the 'find-me' and 'eat-me' signals expressed on apoptotic cells. The clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes is an integral component of normal life, and defects in this process can have significant implications for self tolerance and autoimmunity. Recent studies have provided new insights into the engulfment process, including how phagocytes seek apoptotic cells, how they recognize and ingest these targets and how they maintain cellular homeostasis after the 'meal'. Several new factors that regulate engulfment have been identified, whereas the roles of some of the older players require revision. This Review focuses on these recent developments and attempts to highlight some of the important questions in this field.

Engulfment of apoptotic cells: signals for a good meal