Foraging Trade-offs in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas, Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae): Acquired Predator Recognition in the Absence of an Alarm Response

Pike‐naive fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) were fed ad libitum or deprived of food for 12, 24, or 48 h and then exposed to either conspecific alarm pheromone or distilled water and the odour of a predatory northern pike ( Esox lucius ). Minnows fed ad libitum or deprived for 12 h showed a stereotypic alarm response to the alarm pheromone (increased time under cover objects and increased occurrence of dashing and freezing behaviour);...