Echo Doppler guidance for atrial fibrillation ablation: recognition of primary electropathy

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a multivariable disease. Young patients with paroxysmal AF without structural cardiac abnormality (lone AF) likely have a primary electropathy with excellent results from radiofrequency ablation. However, with persistent AF with cardiac abnormalities, including left atrial enlargement and systolic ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction percent), the electropathy is considered secondary and ablation results poor....