On the nucleation and dissolution process of Z-phase Cr(V,Nb)N in martensitic 12%Cr steels

Precipitation of large Z-phase particles, Cr(V,Nb)N, replacing fine MX nitrides, (V,Nb)N, has recently been identified as a major cause of premature breakdown in long-term creep strength of a number of new 9–12%Cr martensitic steels. The Z-phase precipitates slowly during long-term exposure at around 650 °C accelerated by high Cr content in the steels. It appears that the nucleation process controls the precipitation rate of Z-phase. A 12%Cr...