Titanium pipes subjected to bending moment and external pressure

Titanium is being considered as an alternative to steel for risers and flowlines, particularly for deep-water applications. However, steel capacity formulas for local buckling and collapse are inadequate for direct application to titanium pipes subjected to bending and high external pressure. If formulas developed for steel are applied directly, the model uncertainty is unknown. Ideally, extensive model testing of titanium pipes is required....