Type 2 diabetes

Pancreatic hormone

Endocrinology

Estrogen

Body mass index

Crossover study

Insulin

Placebo

Alternative medicine

Menopause

Transdermal

Insulin resistance

Internal medicine

Pharmacology

Glucose clamp technique

Medicine

Pathology

Diabetes mellitus

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reduced in postmenopausal women randomized to estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) compared with placebo. Insulin sensitivity is a key determinant of T2D risk and overall cardiometabolic health, and studies indicate that estradiol (E2) directly impacts insulin action. We hypothesized that the timing of E2 administration after menopause is an important determinant of its effect on insulin action. We performed a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Study participants were early postmenopausal (EPM; ≤6 years of final menses; n = 22) and late postmenopausal (LPM; ≥10 years since last menses; n = 24) women naive to HT. Study interventions included short-term (1 week) transdermal E2 and placebo. The study's main outcome was insulin-mediated glucose disposal (glucose disposal rate [GDR]) via hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Compared to EPM women, LPM women were older (mean ± SD; 63 ± 3 vs 56 ± 4 years, P < .05) and more years past menopause (12 ± 2 vs 3 ± 2 years, P < .05). Body mass index (24 ± 3 vs 25 ± 7 kg/m2) and fat mass (25 ± 7 vs 23 ± 6 kg) did not differ between groups, but fat-free mass (FFM) was lower in LPM women compared to EPM women (40 ± 4 vs 43 ± 5 kg, P < .05). Baseline GDR did not differ between groups (11.7 ± 2.8 vs 11.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg FFM/min). In support of our hypothesis, 1 week of E2 decreased GDR in LPM women compared to an increase in EPM women (+0.44 ± 1.7 vs − 0.76 ± 2.1 mg/kg FFM/min, P < .05). There was not an apparent decline in GDR with age or time since menopause per se. However, E2 action on GDR was dependent on time since menopause, such that there was an apparent benefit early (≤6 years) compared to harm later (≥10 years) in menopause. E2-mediated effects on insulin action may be one mechanism by which HT reduces the incidence of T2D in early postmenopausal women.

Timing of Estradiol Treatment After Menopause May Determine Benefit or Harm to Insulin Action