Quantum mechanics

Computer hardware

Reflection (computer programming)

Algorithm

PIN diode

Beam (structure)

Radiation pattern

Aperture (computer memory)

Superposition principle

Telecommunications

Particle swarm optimization

Computer science

Antenna (radio)

Acoustics

Reconfigurable antenna

Diode

Power dividers and directional couplers

Physics

Optics

Antenna array

Beam steering

Gate array

Antenna efficiency

Programming language

Field-programmable gate array

Phased array

Optoelectronics

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

The design and experiment of an electronically reconfigurable bidirectional spatially-fed array are presented, which combines the functionalities of reconfigurable transmitarray (TA), reflectarray (RA), and transmit-reflect array (TRA). First, we demonstrate a novel bidirectional unit cell composed of a tunable resonant layer between a pair of orthogonally oriented metal gratings. Two positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes are integrated into the tunable resonant layer to achieve the 1-bit phase resolution in either transmission or reflection mode. Based on the proposed unit cell, a 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -element array arranged in a square grid, which can be controlled independently by a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital control circuit, is excited by a linearly-polarized horn to show the beam steering ability of reconfigurable TA and RA. To realize TRA function integration with the bidirectional beam independent steering simultaneously, the method based on superposition of the aperture fields (SAF) on the aperture is used. In SAF design, the entire aperture is divided into transmission and reflection modes co-existing, and the arrangement and phase distribution are optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve minimum sidelobe levels (SLLs) and peak gain of bidirectional beam. The measured results of the prototype demonstrate that the antenna can steer bidirectional beam both in simultaneous and time division operating modes, which is not reported to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Our proposed method opens a new avenue for the design of high-performance multifunctional reconfigurable antenna systems.

Reconfigurable Bidirectional Beam-Steering Aperture With Transmitarray, Reflectarray, and Transmit-Reflect-Array Modes Switching