Gene

Algorithm

Boundary (topology)

Robustness (evolution)

Theoretical computer science

Vertex (graph theory)

Biochemistry

Computer science

Initialization

Image segmentation

Segmentation

Graph

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Mathematics

Mathematical analysis

Artificial intelligence

End-to-end principle

Chemistry

Programming language

Ground truth

Computer vision

Contour-based instance segmentation methods have developed rapidly recently but feature rough and hand-crafted front-end contour initialization, which restricts the model performance, and an empirical and fixed backend predicted-label vertex pairing, which contributes to the learning difficulty. In this paper, we introduce a novel contour-based method, named E2EC, for high-quality instance segmentation. Firstly, E2EC applies a novel learnable contour initialization architecture instead of hand-crafted contour initialization. This consists of a contour initialization module for constructing more explicit learning goals and a global contour deformation module for taking advantage of all of the vertices' features better. Secondly, we propose a novel label sampling scheme, named multi-direction alignment, to reduce the learning difficulty. Thirdly, to improve the quality of the boundary details, we dynamically match the most appropriate predicted-ground truth vertex pairs and propose the corresponding loss function named dynamic matching loss. The experiments showed that E2EC can achieve a state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI INStance (KINS) dataset, the Semantic Boundaries Dataset (SBD), the Cityscapes and the COCO dataset. E2EC is also efficient for use in real-time applications, with an inference speed of 36 fps for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$512\times 512$</tex> images on an NVIDIA A6000 GPU. Code will be released at https://github.com/zhang-tao-whu/e2ec.

E2EC: An End-to-End Contour-based Method for High-Quality High-Speed Instance Segmentation