Doxorubicin

Gene

Electrochemotherapy

Voltage

Engineering

Materials science

Microsecond

Surgery

Pulse duration

Pulse repetition frequency

Pulse (music)

Telecommunications

Electroporation

Biochemistry

Computer science

Laser

Physics

Amplitude

Optics

Nanosecond

Chemotherapy

Medicine

Chemistry

Radar

Bleomycin

Optoelectronics

Electrical engineering

Bioelectrochemistry

Electroporation is a pulsed electric field (PEF) induced phenomenon, which effectiveness varies dependent on pulse parameters. This work focuses on nano-electrochemotherapy with bleomycin and doxorubicin to derive protocols as effective as European Standard Operating Procedures on Electrochemotherapy (ESOPE), which employ conventional microsecond range pulses. As a model, murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cell line was used. The effects of pulse duration (100-500 ns), PEF amplitude (6-10 kV/cm) and pulse repetition frequency (10 kHz, 100 kHz, 1 MHz) were studied. A total of 75 ns protocol variations have been used. For detection of cell permeabilization, Yo-Pro-1 and flow cytometry were employed. Cell viability was evaluated 24-, 48-, or 72-hours post-electroporation. Nanosecond parametric protocols resulting in comparable treatment efficiency as ESOPE (1.3 kV/cm × 100 μs × 8) have been proposed. It was shown that high-frequency nanosecond electrochemotherapy with bleomycin or doxorubicin could be an alternative for established ESOPE protocols.

Nanosecond electrochemotherapy using bleomycin or doxorubicin: Influence of pulse amplitude, duration and burst frequency