Engineering

Cartography

Computer security

Computer graphics (images)

Systems engineering

Archaeology

3d model

Computer science

Vulnerability (computing)

Software

Laser

Physics

Geodetic datum

Photogrammetry

Point cloud

Optics

Laser scanning

Geography

Cultural heritage

Documentation

Artificial intelligence

Programming language

Engineering drawing

3D modeling

Procedia Structural Integrity

Structural vulnerability assessment of heritage structures is a pivotal part of a risk mitigation strategy for preserving these valuable assets for the nations. For this purpose, developing digital twins has gained much attention lately to provide an accurate digital model for performing finite element (FE) analyses. Three-dimensional (3D) geometric documentation is the first step in developing the digital twin, and various equipment and methodologies have been developed to facilitate the procedure. Both aerial and terrestrial close-range photogrammetry can be combined with 3D laser scanning and geodetic methods for the accurate 3D geometric documentation. The data processing procedure in these cases mostly focuses on developing detailed, accurate 3D models that can be used for the FE modeling. The final 3D surface or volumes are produced mainly by combining the 3D point clouds obtained from the laser scanner and the photogrammetric methods. 3D FE models can be developed based on the geometries derived from the 3D models using FE software packages. As an alternative, developed 3D volumes provided in the previous step can be directly imported to some FE software packages. In this study, the challenges and strategies of each step are investigated by providing examples of surveyed heritage structures.

3D simulation models for developing digital twins of heritage structures: challenges and strategies