Dimple

Residual stress

Fractography

Ultimate tensile strength

Creep

Indentation hardness

Heat-affected zone

Tensile testing

Composite material

Metallurgy

Materials science

Welding

Ductility (Earth science)

Ferrite (magnet)

Gas metal arc welding

Microstructure

Journal of Materials Research and Technology

In the present study, the Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) based Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process was used to fabricate a multi-layered structure at optimized process parameters on SS316L using metal wire of SS316L. The multi-layered structure's microstructure, macrostructure, and mechanical properties (tensile test, impact test, microhardness, and fractography) were examined at three locations at the top, middle, and bottom sides of the structure. Macrostructure at different zones has confirmed an appropriate bonding between the two layers, complete fusion without oxidation, and free from defects and unwanted geometries. Microstructure results have observed a colony of columnar dendrites in the bottom zone, coarser grains with vertical growth along with the residual ferrite in the middle zone, and vertical dendritic structure with residual ferrite in skeletal shape in the top zone. Results of all tensile properties for top, middle and bottom zone developed by the WAAM process fall in the range values of wrought SS 316 L. The microhardness values were shown a consistent behavior across the built structure in all three zones. The obtained average value for the impact test has shown better strength than commercially used wrought SS 316 L. The results of fractured tensile and fracture impact test specimens revealed many dimples, which suggests a good ductility of the as-built structure. Thus, the obtained results have shown that the built structure using the GMAW-based WAAM process matches the standards for industrial applications.

Experimental investigations on mechanical properties of multi-layered structure fabricated by GMAW-based WAAM of SS316L