Internal medicine

Neuroscience

Oxidative stress

Paraquat

MPTP

Disease

Pathogenesis

Agronomy

Biology

Neuroinflammation

Endocrinology

Dopaminergic

Pesticide

Maneb

Neurodegeneration

Parkinson's disease

Rotenone

Neurotoxicity

Mancozeb

Dopamine

Botany

Mitochondrion

Toxicity

Genetics

Biochemistry

Medicine

Fungicide

Pharmacology

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which mainly targets motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. The physiological changes occur due to dopamine depletion in basal ganglia region of the brain. PD aetiology is not yet elucidated clearly but genetic and environmental factors play a prominent role in disease occurrence. Despite of various environmental factors, pesticides exposure has been convicted as major candidate in PD pathogenesis. Among various pesticides 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been widely investigated in PD following with paraquat (PQ), maneb (MB), organochlorines (OC) and rotenone. Effect of these pesticides has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress, alterations in dopamine transporters, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein (αSyn) fibrillation, and neuroinflammation in PD. The present review discusses the influence of pesticides in neurodegeneration and its related epidemiological studies conducted in PD. Furthermore, we have deliberated the common pesticides involved in PD and its associated genetic alterations and the probable mechanism of them behind PD pathogenesis. Hence, we conclude that pesticides play a prominent role in PD pathogenesis and advance research is needed to investigate the alterations in genetic and mechanistic aspects of PD.

Neurotoxicity of pesticides – A link to neurodegeneration