Quantum mechanics

Scale (ratio)

Engineering

Spray nozzle

Materials science

Cartography

Computer security

Range (aeronautics)

Particle size

SCALE-UP

Spray drying

Computer science

Collision

Chemical engineering

Classical mechanics

Nozzle

Geology

Oceanography

Mechanical engineering

Economies of agglomeration

Physics

Nanotechnology

Geography

Process engineering

Environmental science

Artificial intelligence

Particle (ecology)

Composite material

Perspective (graphical)

Journal of Food Engineering

Crucial for achieving premium agglomerated powder products through spray drying is that the primary particle morphology and the degree of agglomeration can be controlled. However, the costs of trial runs and the wide range of products properties complicate achieving this control of particle structure during spray drying. Single droplet drying approaches are employed to study the development of the primary particle morphology and the collision behavior of droplets under well-defined conditions. These studies shed light on the underlying mechanisms but have been related less often to realistic drying and especially agglomeration. This review focuses on the potential and limitations of single droplet drying approaches to unravel the evolution of primary particle morphology and nozzle-zone agglomeration phenomena during spray drying. We discuss advances in single droplet drying approaches and how to combine these with pilot-scale spray drying to obtain the desired particle structures.

Particle structure development during spray drying from a single droplet to pilot-scale perspective