Geology

Soil water

Organic chemistry

Grain size

Carbon dioxide

Geomorphology

Lithology

Geochemistry

Oxisol

Soil science

Mineralogy

Chemistry

Weathering

Frontiers in Climate

The application of rock powder on agricultural land to ameliorate soils and remove carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the air by chemical weathering is still subject to many uncertainties. To elucidate the effects of grain size distribution and soil partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) levels on CO 2 uptake rates, two simple column experiments were designed and filled nearly daily with an amount of water that simulates humid tropical conditions, which prevail in areas known for being hotspots of weathering. Multiple materials (dunite, basanite, agricultural oxisol, a combination of the latter two, and loess) were compared under ambient and 100% CO 2 atmosphere. In a second series, single material columns (dunite) were filled with three different grain size distributions. Total alkalinity, pH, major ions, and dissolved silica were determined in the outflow water of the columns for about 300 days. Under ambient atmospheric conditions, the CO 2 consumption was the lowest in the oxisol column, with 100 t CO 2 km −2 year −1 , while dunite and basanite showed similar consumption rates (around 220 t CO 2 km −2 year −1 ). The values are comparable to high literature values for ultramafic lithologies. Interestingly, the mixture of basanite and oxisol has a much higher consumption rate (around 430 t CO 2 km −2 year −1 ) than the basanite alone. The weathering fluxes under saturated CO 2 conditions are about four times higher in all columns, except the dunite column, where fluxes are increased by a factor of more than eleven. Grain size distribution differences also play a role, with the highest grain surface area normalized weathering rates observed in the columns with coarser grains, which at first seems counterintuitive. Our findings point to some important issues to be considered in future experiments and a potential rollout of EW as a carbon dioxide removal method. Only in theory do small grain sizes of the spread-material yield higher CO 2 drawdown potentials than coarser material. The hydrologic conditions, which determine the residence times in the pore space, i.e., the time available for weathering reactions, can be more important than small grain size. Saturated-CO 2 column results provide an upper limit for weathering rates under elevated CO 2 .

Enhanced weathering potentials—the role of in situ CO2 and grain size distribution