Exhaled air

Helicobacter pylori

Catalysis

Asthma

Biology

Heptanal

Chromatography

Exhaled breath condensate

Lung cancer

Biochemistry

Biomarker

Breath test

Lipid peroxidation

Toxicology

Antioxidant

Internal medicine

Hexanal

Aldehyde

Medicine

Chemistry

Gastroenterology

Cancer

Metabolites

The peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is a widely recognized metabolic process that creates a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds including aldehydes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells promote random lipid peroxidation, which leads to a variety of aldehydes. In the case of lung cancer, many of these volatile aldehydes are exhaled and are of interest as potential markers of the disease. Relevant studies reporting aldehydes in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients were collected for this review by searching the PubMed and SciFindern databases until 25 May 2022. Information on breath test results, including the biomarker collection, preconcentration, and quantification methods, was extracted and tabulated. Overall, 44 studies were included spanning a period of 34 years. The data show that, as a class, aldehydes are significantly elevated in the breath of lung cancer patients at all stages of the disease relative to healthy control subjects. The type of aldehyde detected and/or deemed to be a biomarker is highly dependent on the method of exhaled breath sampling and analysis. Unsaturated aldehydes, detected primarily when derivatized during preconcentration, are underrepresented as biomarkers given that they are also likely products of lipid peroxidation. Pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal were the most reported aldehydes in studies of exhaled breath from lung cancer patients.

Lipid Peroxidation Produces a Diverse Mixture of Saturated and Unsaturated Aldehydes in Exhaled Breath That Can Serve as Biomarkers of Lung Cancer—A Review