Combinatorics

Physics

Wetting

Mathematics

Heat transfer

Mechanics

Porosity

Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics

Porous medium

Conductivity

Composite material

Materials science

Thermal

Quantum mechanics

Thermal conductivity

Thermodynamics

Saturation (graph theory)

Frontiers in Earth Science

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method was employed to simulate the heat transfer process in porous media at the pore scale. The effective thermal conductivity of a porous medium can be predicted through a simulation experiment of SPH. The accuracy of the SPH simulation experiment was verified by comparing the predicted values with reference values for ideal homogeneous media and multiphase layered media. 3D simulation experiments were implemented in granular media generated by the PFC method. Based on the SPH framework, a concise method was proposed to produce unsaturated media by simulating the wetting process in dry media. This approach approximates the formation of liquid bridges and water films on granules. Through simulation experiments, the empirical formula of the variation in thermal conductivity with the degree of saturation was tested. The results showed that the reciprocal of the normalized thermal conductivity and the reciprocal of the saturation are linearly related, which is in line with the empirical formula proposed by Cote and Konrad.

The Effective Thermal Conductivity of Unsaturated Porous Media Deduced by Pore-Scale SPH Simulation