Electrical engineering

Nanotechnology

Process engineering

Lamination

Photovoltaics

Engineering physics

Operating system

Software deployment

Engineering

Perovskite (structure)

Materials science

Layer (electronics)

Computer science

Photovoltaic system

Environmental science

Chemical engineering

Scalability

Database

Nature Energy

As a vital step towards the industrialization of perovskite solar cells, outdoor field tests of large-scale perovskite modules and panels represent a mandatory step to be accomplished. Here we demonstrate the manufacturing of large-area (0.5 m2) perovskite solar panels, each containing 40 modules whose interfaces are engineered with two-dimensional materials (GRAphene-PErovskite (GRAPE) panels). We further integrate nine GRAPE panels for a total panel area of 4.5 m2 in a stand-alone solar farm infrastructure with peak power exceeding 250 W, proving the scalability of this technology. We provide insights on the system operation by analysing the panel characteristics as a function of temperature and light intensity. The analysis, carried out over a months-long timescale, highlights the key role of the lamination process of the panels on the entire system degradation. A life-cycle assessment based on primary data indicates the high commercial potential of the GRAPE panel technology in terms of energy and environmental performances. Demonstration of scalability, manufacturability and outdoor operation is key to the deployment of perovskite solar cells. Now, Pescetelli et al. fabricate a large number of perovskite solar modules, assemble them in panels and integrate them in an outdoor 4.5 m2 solar farm infrastructure whose operation is monitored over 12 months.

Integration of two-dimensional materials-based perovskite solar panels into a stand-alone solar farm