drilling

hypothyroidism

turbinate

fracturing fluids

spontaneous pneumothorax_2264

wheat roots

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

Fluid loss is a well-known problem while drilling oil and gas wells. Minimizing the fluid loss and forming low permeable thin filter cake by using a suitable filtration control additive as an ingredient in the water-based drilling fluid systems is critical to avoid wellbore instability issues. The objective of the present paper is to review the literature on synthetic polymers as FCAs that may provide fluid-loss control at temperatures greater than 200 °F under various saline environments. Owing to the issues of in-built swelling nature of bentonite clay, poor temperature/salt tolerance of natural/modified biopolymers , and environmental concerns related to use of lignite-based powders, there was a significant scope and requirement to develop synthetic polymers that may serve as FCAs for WBDFs. On this front, the majority of the researchers evaluated using synthetic copolymers and terpolymers using acrylamide as a backbone . Some researchers reported use of bentonite and thermally stable clays along with synthetic polymers to enhance the filtration performance. Based on the review work, it was noted that the amphoteric terpolymers in combination with the clays demonstrated stable performance in terms of fluid-loss control at high temperatures ( ∼ 300–400 °F) and salinity environments ( ∼ 10 wt% CaCl₂). However, systematic studies that may provide physical/statistical correlations between the fluid loss performance and the design parameters such as polymer MW and degree of functional substitution have not been reported in the literature. Additionally, it was observed that there was a lack of consistency in the reviewed literature about the protocol of evaluating the fluid-loss performance of FCAs at high-temperature conditions. This review underlines that there is significant scope to evaluate various nanomaterials for any synergistic effects in presence of the synthetic FCA polymers . This research in the near future could help to further develop successful fluid systems for fluid loss control and thin filter cak...

A review of synthetic polymers as filtration control additives for water-based drilling fluids for high-temperature applications