Modular design

Automation

Mathematics

Biology

Statistics

Machine learning

Engineering

Paleontology

Artificial intelligence

Programming language

Context (archaeology)

Modularity (biology)

Reconfigurability

Computer science

Flexibility (engineering)

Process (computing)

Robotics

Genetics

Telecommunications

Mechanical engineering

Robot

ACS Central Science

Computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP) tools can propose retrosynthetic pathways and forward reaction conditions for the synthesis of organic compounds, but the limited availability of context-specific data currently necessitates experimental development to fully specify process details. We plan and optimize a CASP-proposed and human-refined multistep synthesis route toward an exemplary small molecule, sonidegib, on a modular, robotic flow synthesis platform with integrated process analytical technology (PAT) for data-rich experimentation. Human insights address catalyst deactivation and improve yield by strategic choices of order of addition. Multi-objective Bayesian optimization identifies optimal values for categorical and continuous process variables in the multistep route involving 3 reactions (including heterogeneous hydrogenation) and 1 separation. The platform's modularity, robotic reconfigurability, and flexibility for convergent synthesis are shown to be essential for allowing variation of downstream residence time in multistep flow processes and controlling the order of addition to minimize undesired reactivity. Overall, the work demonstrates how automation, machine learning, and robotics enhance manual experimentation through assistance with idea generation, experimental design, execution, and optimization.

Bayesian Optimization of Computer-Proposed Multistep Synthetic Routes on an Automated Robotic Flow Platform