Competence (human resources)

European Social Survey

Positive economics

Sociology

Mathematics

Politics

Economic policy

Statistics

Political science

Psychology

Survey data collection

Economics

Elite

Federalist

Opposition (politics)

European union

Social psychology

European Union Politics

While ample research has scrutinised the causes and consequences of support for the European Union, a pressing question remains: what do people actually mean when they express support for, or opposition to, their country’s membership of the institution? We use Correlational Class Analysis to assess this. Our analysis of high-quality representative Dutch survey data ( n = 2053), including novel items informed by in-depth qualitative research, reveals that European Union support comes in three guises: federalist, non-federalist and instrumental-pragmatist Strikingly, many Europhiles are not federalists. In addition, we reveal that the social bases of the three types of support especially differ regarding political competence, political orientation, and media consumption. The implications for ongoing debates on European Union atttidues are discussed.

Support for European Union membership comes in various guises: Evidence from a Correlational Class Analysis of novel Dutch survey data