Engineering

Transport engineering

Computer security

Literature

Warning signs

Telecommunications

Computer science

Collision

Medical emergency

Environmental health

Sign (mathematics)

Eye movement

Mechanical engineering

Poison control

Simulation

Mathematics

Warning system

Population

Mathematical analysis

Artificial intelligence

Level crossing

Medicine

Duration (music)

Driving simulator

Fixation (population genetics)

Accident Analysis & Prevention

Train-vehicle collisions at STOP-sign-controlled grade crossings attract many concerns in China and across the world. Researchers have demonstrated that the cost-effective approaches to improve grade crossing safety are the redesign of signs and pavement markings as well as the application of in-vehicle audio warning. However, the impacts of improved signs design and audio warning on drivers' visual performance have barely been discussed. This study explored the effects of improved signs design and audio warning on drivers' eye movement patterns and driving behavior at STOP-sign-controlled grade crossings, by conducting a driving simulator experiment. Three types of grade crossing scenarios: 1) the conventional signs design (Baseline), 2) improved signs design (PS), and 3) improved signs design and three-stage audio warning (PSW), were modeled in a driving simulation system and tested under a series of train TTC (no train, 4 s, 7 s, 10 s, 13 s) conditions. Foggy conditions and drivers' characteristics, i.e., gender and vocation were considered in the experiment design. Seven variables describing both drivers' fixation patterns and driving performance were collected and analyzed in this study, e.g., total fixation duration, distance to stop line at the first fixation, fixation transition probability, stop compliance, speed, maximum deceleration rate and minimum time-to-collision. Results revealed that the improved design of signs and the audio warning could prime drivers' expectation of the grade crossing in advance since drivers could drive at a lower speed, perceive signs timely, and conduct an earlier visual search for the train with these countermeasures. Besides, in PS and PSW scenarios, drivers attached more importance to the STOP sign, and they were more cautious in estimating the time-to-arrival of the train by repeatedly fixating on these two areas. The improvement in fixation performance of drivers in PS and PSW contributed to a more comfortable deceleration. Compared with no warning scenarios, higher compliance rates were observed with audio warning, especially with a short train TTC (4 s and 7 s). However, no significant difference was found between PS and Baseline, indicating the limited safety benefits of improved signs design. Minimum time-to-collision for those drivers who ignored the warning did not increase significantly in both PS and PSW. Additionally, heavy fog limited drivers' perception of signs and led to a later and shorter fixation. For gender effect, males had a lower fixation duration on the STOP sign and lower compliance rate than females. Moreover, female drivers could perceive the approaching train earlier than males, especially in PS and PSW. These findings suggested that the improved signs design and in-vehicle audio warning improved drivers' visual and behavioral performance and had the potential to enhance safety at STOP-sign-controlled grade crossings.

Eye movement as a function to explore the effects of improved signs design and audio warning on drivers’ behavior at STOP-sign-controlled grade crossings