Physics

Interconnection

Control engineering

Computer network

PID controller

Gene

Machine learning

Engineering

Artificial intelligence

Power (physics)

Automatic frequency control

Control (management)

Chemistry

Computer science

Temperature control

Quantum mechanics

Electric power system

Control theory (sociology)

Biochemistry

Robustness (evolution)

Telecommunications

Particle swarm optimization

IEEE Access

The interconnection of renewable energy systems, which are complex nonlinear systems, often results in power fluctuations in the interconnection line and high system frequency due to insufficient damping in extreme and dynamic loading situations. To solve this problem, load frequency control ensures nominal operating frequency and orderly fluctuation of grid interconnection power by delivering high-quality electric power to energy consumers through efficient and intelligent control systems. To introduce the frequency control of power systems, this paper presents a novel control technique of Fractional Order Integral-Tilt Derivative with Filter (FOI-TDN) controller optimized by the current soft computing technique of hybrid Sine-Cosine algorithm with Fitness Dependent Optimizer (hSC-FDO). For more realistic analysis, practical constraints with nonlinear features, such as controller dead band, communication time delay, boiler dynamics, and generation rate constraint are embedded in the given system model. The proposed approach outperforms some recently developed heuristic approaches such as fitness dependent optimizer, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization for the interconnected power system of two areas with multiple generating units in terms of minimum undershoot, overshoot, and settling time. To improve the system performance, capacitive energy storage devices are used in each area and thyristor control phase shifter is used in the interconnection line of the power system. The potential of the hSC-FDO-based FOI-TDN is demonstrated by comparing it with conventional FOTID/FOPID/PID controllers for two areas with multiple power generators IPS. Finally, a robustness analysis is performed to determine the robustness of the presented control system by varying the system loads and system parameters.

Optimized Fractional Order Integral-Tilt Derivative Controller for Frequency Regulation of Interconnected Diverse Renewable Energy Resources