Function (biology)

Product (mathematics)

Biology

Microeconomics

Stock market

Market maker

Economics

Computer science

Market liquidity

Business

Evolutionary biology

Paleontology

Mathematics

Politics

Political science

Horse

Geometry

Representation (politics)

Industrial organization

Programming language

Finance

Constant (computer programming)

Financial Innovation

Recent advancements in decentralized finance (DeFi) have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers (AMMs) for creating decentralized exchanges (DEXs). In this paper, we organize these developments by treating an AMM as a neoclassical black-box characterized by the conversion of inputs (tokens) to outputs (prices). The conversion is governed by the technology of the AMM summarized by an ‘exchange function’. Various types of AMMs are examined, including: Constant Product Market Makers; Constant Mean Market Makers; Constant Sum Market Makers; Hybrid Function Market Makers; and, Dynamic Automated Market Makers. The paper also looks at the impact of introducing concentrated liquidity in an AMM. Overall, the framework presented here provides an intuitive geometric representation of how an AMM operates, and a clear delineation of the similarities and differences across the various types of AMMs.

Automated market makers and decentralized exchanges: a DeFi primer