Geodesy

Firefly algorithm

Metaheuristic

Firefly protocol

Algorithm

Benchmark (surveying)

Biology

Classifier (UML)

Particle swarm optimization

Data mining

Computer science

Geography

False positive paradox

Artificial intelligence

Intrusion detection system

Zoology

Machine learning

PeerJ Computer Science

The research proposed in this article presents a novel improved version of the widely adopted firefly algorithm and its application for tuning and optimising XGBoost classifier hyper-parameters for network intrusion detection. One of the greatest issues in the domain of network intrusion detection systems are relatively high false positives and false negatives rates. In the proposed study, by using XGBoost classifier optimised with improved firefly algorithm, this challenge is addressed. Based on the established practice from the modern literature, the proposed improved firefly algorithm was first validated on 28 well-known CEC2013 benchmark instances a comparative analysis with the original firefly algorithm and other state-of-the-art metaheuristics was conducted. Afterwards, the devised method was adopted and tested for XGBoost hyper-parameters optimisation and the tuned classifier was tested on the widely used benchmarking NSL-KDD dataset and more recent USNW-NB15 dataset for network intrusion detection. Obtained experimental results prove that the proposed metaheuristics has significant potential in tackling machine learning hyper-parameters optimisation challenge and that it can be used for improving classification accuracy and average precision of network intrusion detection systems.

Novel hybrid firefly algorithm: an application to enhance XGBoost tuning for intrusion detection classification