Geochemistry

Quantum mechanics

Facies

Scale (ratio)

Lithology

Geotechnical engineering

Metallurgy

Materials science

Geomorphology

Predictability

Mineralogy

Petroleum engineering

Stylolite

Archaeology

Grainstone

Carbonate

Geology

Petrophysics

Porosity

Cementation (geology)

Paleontology

Structural basin

Physics

Petrology

Sequence stratigraphy

Reservoir modeling

Carbonate rock

Cretaceous

Cement

Petrography

Petroleum reservoir

Sedimentary depositional environment

Diagenesis

Sedimentary rock

History

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

This study presents an integrated reservoir heterogeneity analysis of an Iranian carbonate oil reservoir (Sarvak Formation) in the Zagros region. Both static and dynamic aspects of reservoir heterogeneities are considered by integration of routine–special core data and geological attributes (i.e., depositional facies and textures, diagenetic alterations, pore types, and sequence stratigraphic positions). Core porosity and permeability, mercury injection capillary pressure, and scanning electron microscopy data are used along with the results of petrographic studies to define petrographic rock types, pore types, hydraulic flow units, and reservoir to non-reservoir (baffle or barrier) zones in the studied reservoir. Spatial facies distribution (facies variability) and development of disconformable surfaces (sequence boundaries) controlled the large-scale reservoir heterogeneities. On the other hand, variations in microscopic characteristics of depositional facies (i.e., textures and structures) and diagenetic features (e.g., intensity of dissolution, cementation and compaction) formed the small-scale reservoir heterogeneities. The best productive zones of this reservoir are meteorically-dissolved reef-talus and shoal facies, accumulated within the regressive systems tracts of third-order sequences. Intensively compacted and cemented facies formed the effective vertical barrier/baffle zones in this reservoir, especially within the transgressive systems tracts and around the maximum flooding surfaces. Results of this study revealed that the stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) is a useful tool for the discrimination of large-scale reservoir heterogeneities, while hydraulic flow units and Winland rock typing approaches are applicable for the identification of small-scale heterogeneities. This study indicated that the large-scale heterogeneities of carbonate reservoirs are predictable in a sequence stratigraphic framework, especially in the third-order scale. Such a heterogeneity model calibrated in the sequence stratigraphic framework provides a reliable basis for reservoir modeling of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in the field-to regional scales.

Scale, origin, and predictability of reservoir heterogeneities in shallow-marine carbonate sequences: A case from Cretaceous of Zagros, Iran