Conceptualization

Marketing

Market structure

Extant taxon

Barriers to entry

Biology

International business

Embeddedness

Operating system

Economics

Computer science

Anthropology

Business

International trade

Evolutionary biology

Computer network

Management

Sociology

Artificial intelligence

Internationalization

Industrial organization

Knowledge management

Mode (computer interface)

Resource (disambiguation)

Journal of International Business Studies

Recent advances in digitalization and increasing integration of international markets are paving the way for a new generation of firms to use non-traditional entry modes that are largely marginalized in previous entry mode studies. While extant research revolves around the level of resource commitment and control in foreign activities, non-traditional modes are encapsulated by the extent of embeddedness required for exploring new and/or exploiting existing resources. In particular, we draw attention to four such categories of non-traditional entry modes the literature has touched on, i.e., capital access, innovation outposts, virtual presence, and the managed ecosystem. We explore the key attributes, antecedents, and strategic implications of these modes. Our paper highlights the need for enriching current entry mode research by considering a broader range of entry mode activities available to firms as well as employing new theoretical perspectives to understand the complex phenomena of internationalization.

Charting new courses to enter foreign markets: Conceptualization, theoretical framework, and research directions on non-traditional entry modes