Electron backscatter diffraction

Metallurgy

Materials science

Friction stir welding

Ultimate tensile strength

Tensile testing

Ferrite (magnet)

Acicular ferrite

Microstructure

Austenite

Composite material

Bainite

Welding

Materials

In the current work, mild steel used in shipbuilding applications was friction-stir-welded (FSWed) with the aim of investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of the FSWed joints. Mild steel of 5 mm thickness was friction-stir-welded at a constant tool rotation rate of 500 rpm and two different welding speeds of 20 mm/min and 50 mm/min and 3° tool tilt angle. The microstructure of the joints was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Additionally, the grain structure and crystallographic texture of the nugget (NG) zone of the FSWed joints was investigated using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). Furthermore, the mechanical properties were investigated using both tensile testing and hardness testing. The microstructure of the low-welding-speed joint was found to consist of fine-grain ferrite and bainite (acicular ferrite) with an average grain size of 3 µm, which indicates that the temperature experienced above A1, where a ferrite and austenite mixture is formed, and upon cooling, the austenite transformed into bainite. The joint produced using high welding speed resulted in a microstructure consisting mainly of polygonal ferrite and pearlite. This could be due to the temperature far below A1 experienced during FSW. In terms of joint efficiency expressed in terms of relative ultimate tensile, the stress of the joint to the base material was found to be around 92% for the low-speed joint and 83% for the high-welding-speed joint. A reduction in welding was attributed to the microstructure, as well as the microtunnel defect formed near the advancing side of the joint. The tensile strain was preserved at 18% for low welding speed and increased to 24% for the high welding speed. This can be attributed to the NG zone microstructural constituents. In terms of crystallographic texture, it is dominated by a simple shear texture, with increased intensity achieved by increasing the welding speed. In both joints, the hardness was found to be significantly increased in the NG zone of the joints, with a greater increase in the case of the low-welding-speed joint. This hardness increase is mainly attributed to the fine-grained structure formed after FSW.

Microstructure, Crystallographic Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mild Steel for Shipbuilding Applications