Physics

Optics

Isobaric process

Atomic physics

Neutron

Nuclear physics

Scattering

Glauber

Proton

Thermodynamics

Physics Letters B

We show that the yield ratio of free spectator neutrons produced in high-energy 96Zr+96Zr to 96Ru+96Ru collisions is a clean probe of the neutron-skin thickness of colliding nuclei and the slope parameter L of the symmetry energy. The idea is demonstrated based on the proton and neutron density distributions via a state-of-the-art Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculation. Among spectator nucleons given by the Glauber model, free spectator neutrons include those from direct production that survive from clusterization as well as those from deexcitation of heavy clusters described by the popular GEMINI model. More free neutrons are produced in collisions of 96Zr nucleus due to its larger neutron skin, compared to those produced in collisions of 96Ru nucleus with a smaller neutron skin. The difference of the free spectator neutron yield is further increased with the increasing difference of the neutron-skin thickness between 96Zr and 96Ru with a larger L value, and the increase in ultracentral collisions is particularly insensitive to model details and experimental uncertainties. Since the production of free spectator neutrons is not affected by the complicated dynamics in the mid-rapidity region, the ratio of their multiplicities in ultracentral isobaric collisions is a robust observable for constraining the neutron skin and L value.

Probing neutron-skin thickness with free spectator neutrons in ultracentral high-energy isobaric collisions