Quantum mechanics

Phase (matter)

Process (computing)

Engineering

Biology

Metallurgy

Materials science

Operating system

Biochemistry

Computer science

Oscillation (cell signaling)

Weld pool

Arc welding

Mechanical engineering

Genetics

Grain size

Physics

Alloy

Gas tungsten arc welding

Microstructure

Work (physics)

Chemistry

Cathode ray

Electron

Welding

Mechanics

Electron beam welding

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

The physical understanding of electron beam welding (EBW) and prediction of the weld microstructure are valuable but challenging. In this work, a multi-physics modeling framework is adopted to simulate the microstructure evolution during the EBW process. A molten pool model incorporating multiple driving forces and a dynamic heat source model provides the temperature field as the input for the microstructure simulation. Both the temperature and chemical concentration are considered in the grain growth process. Additionally, an efficient method is adopted to track the second phase in the solidification process, and a practical algorithm is proposed to identify the complex weld shapes. The mechanism of microstructure evolution under the effect of molten pool oscillation is elaborated. Based on the simulated results, the effects of the process parameters on the grain morphology, grain size, segregation and second phase are quantified. These predicted results are compared to experimental observations and measurements. This study could be helpful for both understanding microstructure evolution and optimizing the actual welding process to tailor the microstructure.

Modeling of microstructure evolution coupled with molten pool oscillation during electron beam welding of an Al-Cu alloy