Metakaolin

Macroeconomics

Engineering

Red mud

Cementitious

Metallurgy

Materials science

Raw material

Bauxite

Slag (welding)

Economics

Soil water

Waste management

Phosphogypsum

Organic chemistry

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag

Municipal solid waste

Geopolymer

Portland cement

Cement

Life-cycle assessment

Environmental science

Fly ash

Soil science

Chemistry

Dispose pattern

Leaching (pedology)

Production (economics)

Hazardous waste

Case Studies in Construction Materials

The production of cement results in the emission of much carbon dioxide, which contributes to ‎ ‎undesirable environmental impacts such as climate change and global warming. These ‎phenomena ‎have rekindled interest in utilizing a variety of industrial waste products to ‎produce geopolymer ‎‎(GP) composites and alkali-activated (AA) binders in order to reduce the ‎usage of ordinary ‎Portland cement in building construction. Waste red mud (RM), also known as bauxite residue, is one of these ‎hazardous radioactive ‎waste materials that is formed as a by-product of Bayer's aluminum ‎manufacturing process. This ‎paper conducts a systematic review of the literature on the use of ‎RM and slag in the production ‎of red mud-slag geopolymer (RM-SGP). An overview of the ‎economic and environmental ‎impacts, physical and chemical properties, production, ‎distribution, classification, and potential applications ‎of RM are presented. ‎Besides, recent advancements in the usage of RM and slag for geopolymer ‎production are ‎described in terms of physical, mechanical, durability, and microstructure ‎ properties. Moreover, this ‎study attempts to chart a route toward a realistic valorization that ‎reflects both real and perceived ‎concerns, such as radioactivity, leaching, and the life cycle ‎assessment of red mud geopolymer (RM-GP). The potential ‎use of RM-SGP production indicates the need for further studies into ‎the mixture proportion ‎and combination of these two raw ingredients with other cementitious materials ‎leading to new ‎energy-saving and affordable building products and processes. Also, it is ‎recommended that ‎research efforts be directed ‎toward economic, life cycle, and environmental ‎assessments.‎

RETRACTED: Sustainable utilization of red mud waste (bauxite residue) and slag for the production of geopolymer composites: A review