Geodesy

Engineering

Surgery

External rotation

Inclinometer

Geology

Mechanical engineering

Range of motion

Internal rotation

Muscle architecture

Anatomy

Physical therapy

Orthodontics

Muscle strength

Medicine

Physical medicine and rehabilitation

The American Journal of Sports Medicine

Acute adaptations in clinical measures of range of motion and strength have been found after baseball pitching; however, there is a lack of research concerning the physiological mechanism responsible for these changes. Adaptations in muscle architecture of the infraspinatus and teres minor may serve as the structural changes responsible for these clinical measure changes.To longitudinally assess the acute changes in range of motion, strength, and muscle architecture of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles in baseball pitchers after a simulated baseball game. Additionally, we examined the relationship between muscle architecture and changes in clinical measures of range of motion and strength.Controlled laboratory study.Ten healthy nonvarsity collegiate club baseball pitchers (mean ± SD; age, 20.1 ± 1.10 years) were examined pre-pitching, immediately after pitching, and each subsequent day for 5 days after pitching in a simulated baseball game. A digital inclinometer and handheld dynamometer were used to assess range of motion and strength, respectively. Diagnostic ultrasound was used to assess pennation angle and muscle thickness of the infraspinatus and teres minor at rest and at maximal contraction.Internal rotation range of motion significantly decreased immediately and did not return to baseline until 4 days after pitching (P≤ .05). External rotation strength also immediately decreased and returned on the third day after pitching (P≤ .05). Moreover, the resting pennation angle of the superficial and deep portions of the infraspinatus increased immediately after pitching, with the superficial portion returning to baseline on day 4 and the deep portion returning on day 5 (P≤ .05). Furthermore, the pennation angle changes of the infraspinatus and thickness of the teres minor were predictive of the loss of internal rotation range of motion after pitching (R2 = 0.419; P≤ .05).This study found diminished internal rotation range of motion and external rotation strength after pitching, with alterations in muscle architecture of the infraspinatus. The pennation angle increase in the infraspinatus at rest is indicative of increased tension in the muscle, which was found to be the underlying mechanism for the clinical loss of internal rotation range of motion. This was demonstrated by the inverse relationship between internal rotation range of motion and the pennation angle of the superficial and deep fibers of the infraspinatus.Clinicians should consider recovery time after pitching to prevent chronic losses of shoulder range of motion and strength. Identification of the underlying mechanisms of range of motion loss after pitching allows clinicians to optimize recovery strategies in baseball pitchers.

Acute Effect of Pitching on Range of Motion, Strength, and Muscle Architecture