Organic chemistry

Biology

Biomass (ecology)

Engineering

Catalysis

Cellulosic ethanol

Biochemical engineering

Chemistry

Ecology

Cellulose

Environmental science

Waste management

Energy & Environmental Science

Hybrid processes, featuring biological conversion of lignocellulose to small molecules followed by chemo-catalytic conversion to larger molecules suitable for difficult-to-electrify transport modes, are a promising route to biomass-derived fuels in demand for climate stabilization.

Toward low-cost biological and hybrid biological/catalytic conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels