Geology

Grain size

Conglomerate

Geomorphology

Matrix (chemical analysis)

Geochemistry

Paleontology

Composite material

Mineralogy

Geotechnical engineering

Materials science

Hydraulic fracturing

Quartz

Fracture (geology)

Sedimentary rock

Petroleum Exploration and Development

True tri-axial sanding fracturing experiments are carried out on conglomerate samples from the Permian Wuerhe Formation of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, to study hydraulic fracture propagation geometry and quartz sand transport in matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate. The effect of rough fracture surface on conductivity is analyzed using the 3D-printing technology to reconstruct the rough surface formed in the fractured conglomerate. The hydraulic fractures formed in the matrix-supported fine conglomerate are fairly straight, and only more tortuous when encountering large gravels at local parts; thus, proppants can get into the fractures easily with transport distance about 70%–90% of the fracture length. By contrast, in the grain-supported medium conglomerate, hydraulic fractures tend to bypass the gravels to propagate in tortuous paths and frequently change in width; therefore, proppants are difficult to transport in these fractures and only move less than 30% of the fracture length. As the matrix-supported fine conglomerate has high matrix content and low hardness, proppants embed in the fracture surface severely. In contrast, the grain-supported medium conglomerate has higher gravel content and hardness, so the quartz sand is crushed more severely. Under the high proppant concentration of 5 kg/m2, when the closure stress is increased (above 60 MPa), fractures formed in both matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate decrease in width significantly, and drop 88% and 92% in conductivity respectively compared with the case under the low closure stress of 20 MPa. The field tests prove that under high closure stress above 60 MPa, using a high proportion of fine proppants with high concentration allow the proppant to move further in the fracture; meanwhile proppant places more uniformly in the rough fracture, resulting in a higher fracture conductivity and an improved well performance.

Experimental modeling of sanding fracturing and conductivity of propped fractures in conglomerate: A case study of tight conglomerate of Mahu sag in Junggar Basin, NW China