GNSS applications

Algorithm

Angle of arrival

Engineering

Direction of arrival

Antenna (radio)

Programming language

Electronic engineering

SIGNAL (programming language)

Computer science

Global Positioning System

Antenna array

Telecommunications

IEEE Sensors Journal

Though Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been pretty mature and widely used in our daily life, the positioning of the indoor environment cannot be realized due to the shielding of concretes or glasses by GNSS. Many positioning methods have been proposed to solve that problem, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the most widely used wireless technologies. This paper takes BLE Angle of Arrival (AOA) as the research object and proposes a method based on signal fitting and Propagator Direct Data Acquisition (PDDA) angle estimation algorithm. This method can be applied to both linear antenna array and rectangular antenna array and has good positioning performance. The method proposed in this paper does not need to calculate the phase differences between antennas, making it unnecessary to calculate the intersection of cones during spatial positioning. The angle estimation is divided into two steps. Firstly, the frequency deviation of Constant Tone Extension (CTE) is calculated based on the IQ samples captured during the reference period, and the received signal matrix of all antennas is fitted based on frequency deviation. Secondly, the antenna received signal model is established based on hardware antenna arrangement, and the arrival angle is estimated by the PDDA algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the plane and spatial positioning experiments are carried out using the BLE devices of Nordic Company, which shows a good positioning accuracy. In spatial positioning, the average positioning accuracy of BLE in channel 37, channel 38, and channel 39 is 0.59m, 0.74m, and 0.77m, respectively, which can meet the basic indoor positioning requirements and cover a large area by one receiver. Compared with the classical MUSIC algorithm, the PDDA algorithm has the same positioning accuracy but lower computational complexity, so it has certain advantages.

A Method of Indoor Positioning by Signal Fitting and PDDA Algorithm Using BLE AOA Device