Quantum mechanics

Hopf bifurcation

Demography

Ecology

Bifurcation

Biology

Predation

Applied mathematics

Functional response

Predator

Statistical physics

Type (biology)

Physics

Nonlinear system

Mathematics

Population

Allee effect

Sociology

Mathematical analysis

Codimension

Journal of Differential Equations

The transition between strong and weak Allee effects in prey provides a simple regime shift in ecology. In this paper, we study the interplay between the functional response of Holling type IV and both strong and weak Allee effects. The model investigated here presents complex dynamics and high codimension bifurcations. In particular, nilpotent cusp singularity of order 3 and degenerate Hopf bifurcation of codimension 3 are completely analyzed. Remarkably it is the first time that three limit cycles are discovered in predator-prey models with multiplicative Allee effects. Moreover, a new unfolding of nilpotent saddle of codimension 3 with a fixed invariant line is discovered and fully developed, and the existence of codimension 2 heteroclinic bifurcation is proven. Our work extends the existing results of predator-prey systems with Allee effects. The bifurcation analysis and diagram allow us to give biological interpretations of predator-prey interactions.

A predator-prey system with generalized Holling type IV functional response and Allee effects in prey