Gene

Wastewater

Resistome

Context (archaeology)

Acinetobacter baumannii

Sewage treatment

Ecology

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacteria

Biology

Antimicrobial

Enterobacter cloacae

Antibiotic resistance

Microcosm

Paleontology

Genetics

Environmental engineering

Sewage

Acinetobacter

Antibiotics

Microbiology

Enterobacteriaceae

Escherichia coli

Effluent

Environmental science

Integron

Tetracycline

Metagenomics

Water Research

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) receive sewage water from a variety of sources, including livestock farms, hospitals, industries, and households, that contain antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs). Current treatment technologies are unable to completely remove ARB and ARGs, which are eventually released into the aquatic environment. This study focused on the core resistome of urban WWTPs that are persistent through wastewater treatment processes. We adopted the Hiseq-based metagenomic sequencing approach to identify the core resistome, their genetic context, and pathogenic potential of core ARGs in the influent (IN) and effluent (EF) samples of 12 urban WWTPs in South Korea. In this study, the abundance of ARGs ranged from 0.32 to 3.5 copies of ARGs per copy of the 16S rRNA gene, where the IN samples were relatively higher than the EF samples, especially for the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS)- and tetracycline- resistant genes. On the other hand, there were 43 core ARGs sharing up to 90% of the total, among which the relative abundance of sul1, APH(3'')-lb, and RbpA was higher in EF than in IN (p < 0.05). Moreover, tetracycline and sulfonamide-related core ARGs in both EF and IN were significantly more abundant on plasmids than on chromosomes (p < 0.05). We also found that the majority of core ARGs were carried by opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in both IN and EF. In addition, phages were the only mobile elements whose abundance correlated with that of core ARGs in EF, suggesting that transduction may play a major role in disseminating ARGs in the receiving water environment of the urban WWTP. The persistent release of core ARGs with pathogenic potential into environmental water is of immediate concern. The mobility of ARGs and ARBs in the environment is a major public health concern. These results should be taken into consideration when developing policy to mitigate environmental dissemination of ARG by WWTPs.

Higher abundance of core antimicrobial resistant genes in effluent from wastewater treatment plants