Pathology

Neuroscience

Perception

Placebo

Intervention (counseling)

Human–computer interaction

Embodied cognition

Nursing

Physical therapy

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Virtual reality

Alternative medicine

Computer science

Analgesic

Anesthesia

Medicine

Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Journal of Pain

Placebo effects, during which inert substances or sham treatments produce behavioral and physiological changes such as symptom improvement, represent a topic of stimulating scientific inquiry.2,5,59 Placebo analgesia constitutes one of the most studied and best understood placebo responses, and has been shown to be mediated by expectations, which in turn can be influenced by forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and verbal or environmental cues.14,15

Real Bodies Not Required? Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality