Physics

Electron

Anthracene

Scintillation

Optics

Phosphor

Scintillator

Photon

Quantum yield

Exciton

Nuclear physics

Chemistry

Materials science

X-ray

Molecule

Quantum mechanics

Optoelectronics

Photochemistry

Fluorescence

Detector

Nature Materials

X-ray detection, which plays an important role in medical and industrial fields, usually relies on inorganic scintillators to convert X-rays to visible photons; although several high-quantum-yield fluorescent molecules have been tested as scintillators, they are generally less efficient. High-energy radiation can ionize molecules and create secondary electrons and ions. As a result, a high fraction of triplet states is generated, which act as scintillation loss channels. Here we found that X-ray-induced triplet excitons can be exploited for emission through very rapid, thermally activated up-conversion. We report scintillators based on three thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules with different emission bands, which showed significantly higher efficiency than conventional anthracene-based scintillators. X-ray imaging with 16.6 line pairs mm−1 resolution was also demonstrated. These results highlight the importance of efficient and prompt harvesting of triplet excitons for efficient X-ray scintillation and radiation detection. Triplet exciton harvesting through thermally activated delayed fluorescence is shown to be effective also under X-ray excitation, increasing the efficiency and imaging quality of X-ray detectors based on organic scintillation.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic molecules for efficient X-ray scintillation and imaging