Quantum mechanics

Drilling

Breakage

Geotechnical engineering

Metallurgy

Materials science

Shear (geology)

Ultimate tensile strength

Geology

Rock mechanics

Physics

Specific energy

Quartz

Comminution

Composite material

Fracture (geology)

Fracture mechanics

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Based on the review of a wide range of literature, this paper finds that: (1) the average specific surface energy of various single crystals is only 0.8 J/m 2 . (2) The average specific fracture energy of the rocks with a pre-crack under static cleavage tests is 4.6 J/m 2 . (3) The average specific fracture energy of the rocks with a pre-cut notch but with no pre-crack under static tensile fracture (mode I) tests is 4.6 J/m 2 . (4) The average specific fracture energies of regular rock specimens with neither pre-made crack nor pre-cut notch are 26.6, 13.9 and 25.7 J/m 2 under uniaxial compression, tension and shear tests, respectively. (5) The average specific fracture energy of irregular single quartz particles under uniaxial compression is 13.8 J/m 2 . (6) The average specific fracture energy of particle beds under drop weight tests is 74.0 J/m 2 . (7) The average specific fracture energy of multi-particles in milling tests is 72.5 J/m 2 . (8) The average specific energy of rocks in percussive drilling is 399 J/m 3 , that in full-scale cutting is 131 J/m 3 , and that in rotary drilling is 157 J/m 3 . (9) The average energy efficiency of milling is only 1.10%. (10) The accurate measurements of specific fracture energy in blasting are too few to draw reliable conclusions. In the last part of the paper, the effects of inter-granular displacement, loading rate, confining pressure, surface area measurement, premade crack, attrition and thermal energy on the specific fracture energy of rock are discussed.

Energy Requirement for Rock Breakage in Laboratory Experiments and Engineering Operations: A Review