Forestry

Random forest

Gaussian

Engineering

Ecology

Biology

Statistics

Geotechnical engineering

Support vector machine

Telecommunications

Computer science

Trapping

Geology

Petrophysics

Porosity

Ground-penetrating radar

Mathematics

Geography

Gaussian process

Kriging

Environmental science

Computational chemistry

Artificial intelligence

Soil science

Chemistry

Radar

Mean squared error

Machine learning

Energy

Deep saline formations are considered potential sites for geological carbon storage. To better understand the CO2 trapping mechanism in saline aquifers, it is necessary to develop robust tools to evaluate CO2 trapping efficiency. This paper introduces the application of Gaussian process regression (GPR), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) to predict CO2 trapping efficiency in saline formations. First, the uncertainty variables, including geologic parameters, petrophysical properties, and other physical characteristics data, were utilized to create a training dataset. In total, 101 reservoir simulations were then performed, and residual trapping, solubility trapping, and cumulative CO2 injection were analyzed. The predicted results indicated that three machine learning (ML) models that evaluate performance from high to low (GPR, SVM, and RF) can be selected to predict the CO2 trapping efficiency in deep saline formations. The GPR model had an excellent CO2 trapping prediction efficiency with the highest correlation factor (R2 = 0.992) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 0.00491). Also, the predictive models obtained good agreement between the simulated field and predicted trapping index. These findings indicate that the GPR ML models can support the numerical simulation as a robust predictive tool for estimating the performance of CO2 trapping in the subsurface.

Application of machine learning to predict CO2 trapping performance in deep saline aquifers