Algorithm

Engineering

Ecology

Biology

Statistics

Energy (signal processing)

Computer science

Mathematical optimization

Paleontology

Renewable energy

Mathematics

Stage (stratigraphy)

Search algorithm

Eagle

Mean squared error

Photovoltaic system

Electrical engineering

International Journal of Photoenergy

The global demand for renewable energy is growing, and one of the proposed solutions to this energy crisis is the use of photovoltaic systems. So far, they are a reliable solution, as they are nonpolluting and can be used almost anywhere on the planet. However, the design and development of more efficient photovoltaic cells and modules require an accurate extraction of their intrinsic parameters. Up to date, metaheuristic algorithms have proven to be the best methods to obtain accurate values of these intrinsic parameters. Hence, to extract these parameters reliably and accurately, this paper presents an optimization method based on the principle of bald eagle search (BES) during fish hunting. This search is divided into three steps: in the first stage (space selection), the eagle selects the space with the largest number of prey; in the second stage (space search), the eagle moves into the selected space to search for prey; in the third stage (dive), the eagle swings from the best position identified in the second stage and determines the best point to hunt. Thus, we used the proposed BES algorithm to determine the parameters of the single-diode model (SDM), the double-diode model (DDM), and the PV modules. This algorithm converges very quickly and gives a root mean square error (RMSE) of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mn>9.8602</mn> <mi>e</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>04</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </math> for the single-diode model and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mn>9.8248</mn> <mi>e</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </math> for the dual-diode model. The results obtained show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the other methods available in the literature, in terms of the better accuracy of the results obtained. The good harmony of the I-V and P-V characteristic curve of the calculated parameters with that of the measured data from a PV module/cell data sheet proves that the proposed BES should be used among the methods provided in the literature for the identification of PV solar cell parameters.

Parameter Estimation of the Photovoltaic System Using Bald Eagle Search (BES) Algorithm