Finance

Physics

Scheduling (production processes)

Mathematics

Schedule

Reinforcement learning

Operating system

Distributed computing

Mathematical optimization

Bellman equation

Engineering

Profitability index

Artificial intelligence

Economics

Power (physics)

Grid

Electric vehicle

Operations management

Geometry

Charging station

Computer science

Quantum mechanics

Real-time computing

Scalability

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) calls for the widespread installation of EV charging stations. To maximize the profitability of charging stations, intelligent controllers that provide both charging and electric grid services are in great need. However, it is challenging to determine the optimal charging schedule due to the uncertain arrival time and charging demands of EVs. In this paper, we propose a novel centralized allocation and decentralized execution (CADE) reinforcement learning (RL) framework to maximize the charging station's profit. In the centralized allocation process, EVs are allocated to either the waiting or charging spots. In the decentralized execution process, each charger makes its own charging/discharging decision while learning the action-value functions from a shared replay memory. This CADE framework significantly improves the scalability and sample efficiency of the RL algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed CADE framework is both computationally efficient and scalable, and significantly outperforms the baseline model predictive control (MPC). We also provide an in-depth analysis of the learned action-value function to explain the inner working of the reinforcement learning agent.

Learning to Operate an Electric Vehicle Charging Station Considering Vehicle-Grid Integration