Using Hierarchical Linear Growth Modeling to Identify Longitudinally Outperforming School Districts in the United States, 2009–2013

School District Effectiveness Research (SDER) works to identify unusually effective organizations for in-depth qualitative study that significantly outperform peer districts over multiple years. Yet, critiques of SDER include a focus on cross-sectional data, individual states, and percent proficient metrics. Here, we analyze the Stanford Education Data Archive, including data on n = 10,825 districts 2009–2013, from 47 states and DC, with average...