Quantum mechanics

Control (management)

Engineering

Social psychology

Control engineering

Telecommunications

Power (physics)

Computer science

Grid

Imitation

Physics

Reinforcement learning

Psychology

Renewable energy

Control area

Mathematics

Electric power system

Automatic frequency control

Automatic Generation Control

Artificial intelligence

Geometry

Control theory (sociology)

Electrical engineering

Applied Energy

To dynamically balance multiple energy fluctuations in a multi-area integrated energy system (IES), a coordinated power control framework, named distributed intelligent coordinated automatic generation control (DIC-AGC), is constructed among different areas during load frequency control (LFC). Furthermore, an evolutionary imitation curriculum multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (EIC-MADDPG) algorithm is proposed as a novel deep reinforcement learning algorithm to realize coordinated control and improve the performance of DIC-AGC in the performance-based frequency regulation market. EIC-MADDPG, which combines imitation learning and curriculum learning, can adaptively derive the optimal coordinated control strategies for multiple areas of LFC controllers through centralized learning and decentralized implementation. The simulation of a four-area LFC-IES model on the China Southern Grid (CSG) demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in maximizing control performance while minimizing regulation mileage payment in every area against stochastic load and renewable power fluctuations.

Coordinated load frequency control of multi-area integrated energy system using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning