Quantum mechanics

Mixing (physics)

Hardening (computing)

Cementitious

Materials science

Layer (electronics)

Frost (temperature)

Air entrainment

Physics

Cement

Composite material

Void (composites)

Cement and Concrete Research

Air entraining admixtures (AEAs) are surfactant-based solutions and powders that are used to stabilize air voids in cement paste that protect concrete against frost damage. After reviewing the chemical and structural features of AEA that govern their performance, we discuss: (i) how they establish a stabilizing shell around air voids, (ii) methods for quantifying the distribution of voids after mixing and after hardening, (iii) mechanisms by which voids protect against frost damage, (iv) effects of AEA on other properties of wet and hardened concrete, and (v) interactions of AEA with other chemical and supplementary cementitious materials.

Air entraining admixtures: Mechanisms, evaluations, and interactions