Engineering

Feature learning

Node (physics)

Theoretical computer science

Computer science

Embedding

Pooling

Graph

Artificial intelligence

Structural engineering

Machine learning

IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

Graph-level representation learning is the pivotal step for downstream tasks that operate on the whole graph. The most common approach to this problem is graph pooling, where node features are typically averaged or summed to obtain the graph representations. However, pooling operations like averaging or summing inevitably cause severe information missing, which may severely downgrade the final performance. In this paper, we argue what is crucial to graph-level downstream tasks includes not only the topological structure but also the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">distribution from which nodes are sampled. Therefore, powered by existing Graph Neural Networks (GNN), we propose a new plug-and-play pooling module, termed as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Distribution Knowledge Embedding (DKEPool), where graphs are viewed as distributions on top of GNNs and the pooling goal is to summarize the entire distribution information instead of retaining a certain feature vector by simple predefined pooling operations. A DKEPool network <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">de facto disassembles representation learning into two stages, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">structure learning and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">distribution learning . Structure learning follows a recursive neighborhood aggregation scheme to update node features where structure information is obtained. Distribution learning, on the other hand, omits node interconnections and focuses more on the distribution depicted by all the nodes. Extensive experiments on graph classification tasks demonstrate that the proposed DKEPool significantly and consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. The code is avaliable at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/chenchkx/dkepool</uri>

Distribution Knowledge Embedding for Graph Pooling