Control bus

Gene

Computer hardware

Engineering

Transport engineering

Ecology

Biology

Microeconomics

Robustness (evolution)

Archaeology

Telecommunications

Economics

Biochemistry

Computer science

Decomposition

Diesel fuel

Business

Local bus

Operations research

Geography

Electronic engineering

Automotive engineering

Artificial intelligence

Sensitivity (control systems)

System bus

Heuristic

Chemistry

Depot

Total cost

Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment

The transition from diesel-consuming buses to electric ones entails the problem of determining the locations of bus depots, charging and maintenance stations, which can directly affect the operating cost and efficiency of a bus system. The problem also involves practical concerns, including the selection of fleet size (of electric buses), land acquisition, bus allocation, and the associated deadhead mileage. This study develops an optimization model to systematically locate depots and relevant facilities for deploying mixed types of vehicles. Further, a decomposition-based heuristic algorithm is proposed to enhance computational efficiency. A case study is performed using the data of a bus operator in Taiwan. Sensitivity and scenario analyses are conducted, evaluating major cost components and identifying the factors that affect the trade-offs between them. The proposed methodology enables bus operators/planners to closely and holistically examine their decisions during the transition toward electric bus systems.

The depot and charging facility location problem for electrifying urban bus services